Earth and Its People Edition 3 Chapter 7 Outline

The Impact of the Silk street The Silk track at first ca economic consumptiond umteen a(prenominal) pastoral groups to form. Eventually, rich families did settleand build outsize framements. The Silk Road allowed the diffuse of religions ( let out(a) chart above ) such(prenominal) as Nestorian Christianity,Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, and Buddhism. The stirrup bed c all over though out the Silk Road. It allowed riders to be much more than stable and thuscaused armament innovation. i. e. the superiority of the Tang calvary in china. The Indian Ocean ocean placement The Indian Ocean Maritime System was a caller of seaf atomic number 18rs established across the IndianOcean and South China Sea. This switch over system link a network of sea trade routes from Africa to China. The main playerswere Africans, South Arabian Persian, and theSouthern Chinese tidy sum (including theIndonesians and Malayans). Although much of the discoveries of new lands and waters were att ributed to famed slewsuch as Zhang Jian or Hippalus, we moldiness not forget the the indigenous people of these compasssalso swellly contributed to theirexpansions. Origins of Contact and Trade Madagascar is the worlds fourth largest island. 2000 geezerhood ago, people from one of the many Indonesian islands of sulphur-east Asia establishedthemselves in the unsmooth land of Madagascar, 9,500 kilometers from home. These people kept much of their customss but eventually deep in thought(p) most of it. pic The Impact of Indian Ocean Trade The precious materials cherished intrade included ivory and minerals. Evidence of antiquated fuzz mines has beenfound in Oman insoutheastern Arabia. However, this flock of trade wasless(prenominal) than the amount occurring in the Mediterranean. In the Indian eye socket, the ports were minuscule due to geographical problems such as inland monsoonwater not by the sea. E India, the Malay Peninsula, and Indonesia afforded more hospi table and densely populatedshores with easier access to inland populations. The empires that existed through out this Indus vault of heaven never both(prenominal)ered to developas muchmaritime powers as the Greeks orthe Phoenocians did. The families around the coastal Indian stadium established bilingual and biethnical systems. Routes crosswise the Sahara Early Saharan Cultures The Sahara is broken only by the Nile River. The trans-Saharan Caravan Routes were hale into existence due to the lack of water in manyareas. Before the Sahara became juiceless (pre 2500 B. C. E. ), this area was quite wet with a diverse group ofanimals. umpteen believe that people from Mediterranean civilizations such as the Minoans, Mycenaeans, orRomans may bemuse rode chariots intothe Saharan deserts. However, this evidence is lacking. pic Trade Across the Sahara Traders demonstrable into two groups the atomic number 7 and south. The North primarily focused on saltinesstrade. People from the southerly Sahel brought forest andagriculture goods.Sub-Saharan Africa A challenging Geography The use of rivers was expressage by the many rapids in the rivers. The Southern Sahara area was limited and surround by many obstacles such asthe Niger,Zaire, Senegal Rivers, the RedSea, the Saharan Desert, etcetera South of the Sahara are the steppes and savanna rain forests. These places were difficult totraverse. The growing of hea thuslyish Unity Anthropologists call Great Traditions those that typically include a write language, commonlegal and belief systems, ethical codes, and new(prenominal) intellectual attitudes.They loom large inwritten records as traditions that rise above the diversity of localcustoms and beliefs commonlydistinguished as small traditions. The elite culture in the sub-Saharan area turned the area into a Great Tradition area. This area is home to 2000 languages. African cultural Characteristics African culture is shaped by the geographically diverse conditions of the lands. The set up ice age time caused the diverse group of people to form. Although the population flourished at first, theincrease in dryness over the yen breaker point oftimecaused the diverse groups of people torecede into specific areas.The Advent of Iron and the Bantu Migrations Agriculture started in the 2nd millenary B. C. E. and spread southward from the area by theSahara. Archaeology has also uncovered characters of sloven mining inthe Sahara from the archeozoicfirstmillennium B. C. E. Copper smelting was during 400 C. E. Iron smelting was around the 1st millennium C. E. The Africans of Bantu probably figured outhow to smelt iron by themselves. The deal of Ideas Ideas and Material Evidence In SE Asian, bulls eye jejuneness was extremely important. Coinage in Anatolia and Europe was extremely popular. At the identical time coinage in China was also very popular. The fete of Buddhism revel See The Above Image and Your Religious Charts The Spread of Christianity Please see Religious Chart ______________________________________________________ CHAPTER OUTLINE I. The Silk Road A. Origins and Operations 1. The Silk Road was an overland route that linked China to the Mediterranean world via Mesopotamia, Iran, and telephone exchange Asia. There were two periods of heavy use of the Silk Road (1) 150 b. c. e. 907 c. e. and (2) the thirteenth through seventeenth centuries c. e. 2. The origins of the Silk Road trade may be dictated in the occasional trading of cardinal Asian nomads.Regular, large-scale trade was fostered by the Chinese demand for occidental products (particularly horses) and by the Parthian recite in northeastern Iran and its control of the markets in Mesopotamia. 3. In addition to horses, China imported alfalfa, grapes, and a variety of other new crops as surface as medicinal products, metals, and precious stones. China exported peaches and apricots, spices, and manufactured goods i ncluding silk, pottery, and paper. B. The Impact of the Silk Road 1. Turkic nomads, who became the plethoric pastoralist group in Central Asia, benefited from the trade. Their elites constructed houses, lived settled lives, and became kindle in foreign religions including Christianity, Manicheanism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, and (eventually) Islam. 2. Central Asian military technologies, particularly the stirrup, were exported both east and west, with significant consequences for the conduct of war. II.The Sasanid conglomerate, 224-600 CE A. Politics and Society 1. The Sasanid state was established in 224 and controlled the areas of Iran and Mesopotamia. 2. The Sasanid Empire made Zoroastrianism its official religion. The Byzantine Empire made Christianity its official religion. Both Zoroastrianism and Christianity were intolerant of other religions. 3. In the thirdly century Mani of Mesopotamia founded a religion whose beliefs centered around the struggle among Good and E vil. Mani was killed by the Sasanid shah, but Manichaeism spread widely in Central Asia.Arabs had some awareness of these religions conflicts and knew about Christianity. III. The Indian Ocean Maritime System A. Origins of Contact and Trade 1.There is evidence of early trade between ancient Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley. This trade appears to discombobulate broken off as Mesopotamia turned more toward trade with East Africa. 2. Two thousand years ago, Malay sailors from Southeast Asia migrated to the islands of Madagascar. These migrants, however, did not retain communications or trade with their homeland. B. The Impact of Indian Ocean Trade 1. What little we hold out about trade in the Indian Ocean system before Islam is gleaned largely from a individual(a) first century c. . Greco-Egyptian text,The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea. This account describes a trading system that must return been well established and flourishing when the account was written. The goods t raded included a wide variety of spices, aromatic resins, pearls, Chinese pottery, and other luxury goods. The volume of trade was probably not as high as in the Mediterranean. 2. The culture of the Indian Ocean ports was often isolated from that of their hinterlands. In the western part of the Indian Ocean, trading ports did not have access to large inland populations of potential consumers.Even in those eastern Indian and Malay peninsula ports that did have access to large inland populations, the civilizations did not become oriented toward the sea. 3. Traders and sailors in the Indian Ocean system often married local women in the ports that they frequented. These women thus became mediators between cultures. IV. Routes Across the Sahara A. Early Saharan Cultures 1. Undateable oscillate paintings in the highland areas that separate the southern from the northern Sahara indicate the existence of an early Saharan hunting culture that was later joined by cattle breeders who are portrayed as looking rather like modern-day West Africans. 2. The artwork indicates that the cattle breeders were later succeeded by horse herders who control chariots.There is no evidence to support the earlier theory that these charioteers might have been Minoan or Mycenaean refugees. But there is also no evidence to show us either their origins or their fate. 3. The highland rock art indicates that camel riders followed the charioteers. The camel was introduced from Arabia and its introduction and domestication in the Sahara was probably related to the ontogenesis of the trans-Saharan trade. Written evidence and the design of camel saddles and patterns of camel use indicate a south-to-north distribution of camel riding. . The camel made it possible for people from the southern highlands of the Sahara to roam the desert and to establish contacts with the people of the northern Sahara. B. Trade Across the Sahara 1. Trade across the Sahara developed slowly when two local t rading systems, one in the southern Sahara and one in the north, were linked. Traders in the southern Sahara had access to desert salt deposits and exported salt to the sub-Saharan regions in return for kola nuts and bay wreath oil.Traders in the north exported agricultural products and wild animals to Italy. V. Sub-Saharan Africa A. A ambitious Geography 1. Sub-Saharan Africa is a large area with many different environmental zones and many geographical obstacles to movement. . Some of the significant geographical areas are the Sahel, the tropical savanna, the tropical rain forest of the lower Niger and Zaire, the savanna area south of the rain forest, steppe and desert below that, and the temperate highlands of South Africa. B. The Development of ethnical Unity 1. Scholars draw a distinction between the great traditions of ruling elite culture in a civilization and the many small traditions of the common people. . In sub-Saharan Africa no overarching great tradition de veloped. Sub-Saharan Africa is a vast territory of many small traditions. Historians know very little about the prehistory of these many small traditions and their peoples. 3. African cultures are highly diverse. The estimated two thousand spoken languages of the continent and the numerous different food production systems reflect the diversity of the African environmental science and the difficulty of communication and trade between different groups.Another reason for the long dominance of small traditions is that no foreign power was able to bewitch Africa and thus impose a unified great tradition. C. African Cultural Characteristics 1. Despite their diversity, African cultures display certain common features that attest to an primal cultural unity that some scholars have called Africanity. 2. One of these common cultural features is a concept of kingship in which kings are ritually isolated and oversee societies in which the people are arranged in age groups and phyloge netic relation ivisions. 3. Other common features include cultivation with the hoe and digging stick, the use of rhythm in African music, and the functions of dancing and mask wearing in rituals. 4. One hypothesis offered to explain this cultural unity holds that the people of sub-Saharan Africa are descended from the people who occupied the southern Sahara during its wet period and migrated south the Sahel, where their cultural traditions developed. D. The Advent of Iron and the Bantu Migrations 1.Sub-Saharan agriculture had its origins north of the equator and then spread southward. Iron working also began north of the equator and spread southward, arrival southern Africa by 800 c. e. 2. Linguistic evidence suggests that the spread of iron and other technology in sub-Saharan Africa was the result of a phenomenon known as the Bantu migrations. 3. The original homeland of the Bantu people was in the area on the border of modern Nigeria and Cameroon. Evidence suggests that the Ban tu people spread out toward the east and the south through a series of migrations over the period of the first millennium c. . By the eight century, Bantu-speaking people had reached East Africa. IV. The Spread of Ideas A. Ideas and Material Evidence 1. It is extremely difficult, sometimes impossible, to trace the dissemination of ideas in preliterate societies.For example, eating pork was restricted or prohibited by religious belief in Southeast Asia, in ancient Egypt, and in eastern Iran. Because Southeast Asia was an early center of pig domestication, scholars hypothesize that the pig and the religious injunctions concerning eating the pig traveled together toward the west. This has not been proved. 2. Another difficult problem involves the invention of coins. In the Mediterranean world, the coins were invented in Anatolia and spread from there to Europe, North Africa, and India.Chinese made cast copper coinswas this inspired by the Anatolian example? There is no way of knowing. B. The Spread of Buddhism 1. The spread of ideas in a deliberate and organized fashion such that we can trace it is a phenomenon of the first millennium c. e. This is particularly the occurrence with the spread of Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam. 2. The spread of Buddhism was facilitated both by royal sponsorship and by the travels of nondescript pilgrims and missionaries.In India, the Mauryan king Ashoka and King Kanishka of the Kushans actively supported Buddhism. Two of the most well-known pilgrims who helped to transmit Buddhism to China were the Chinese monks Faxian and Xuanzang. Both have left secure narrative accounts of their journeys. 3. Buddhist missionaries from India traveled to a variety of destinations west to Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia, as well as to Sri Lanka, southeast Asia, and Tibet. 4. Buddhism was changed and further developed in the lands to which it spread.Theravada Buddhism became dominant in Sri Lanka, Mahayana in Tibet, and Chan (Zen) in East Asia. C. The Spread of Christianity 1. Armenia was an important fund for the Silk Road trade. Mediterranean states spread Christianity to Armenia in order to bring that terra firma over to its side and thus deprive Iran of control of this area. 2. The transmission of Christianity to Ethiopia was as well as linked to a Mediterranean Christian attempt to deprive Iran of trade.