Comparing and Contrasting Sophocles Oedipus Tyrannus and Rita Doves The Darker Face of the Earth :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Comparing and Contrasting Sophocles Oedipus Tyrannus and Rita Doves The Darker Face of the Earth Sophocles Oedipus Tyrannus batch be argued that it is related loosely to Rita Doves The Darker Face of the Earth. This comparative and contrasting characteristics that can be seen within both plays make the reader/audience more witting of imagery, the major characters, plot, attitudes towards women, and themes that are presented from two very different standpoints. The authors Sophocles and Dove both have a specific goal in mind when writing the two plays. In this paper I will take a closer look of the two, comparing and contrasting the plays with the various elements menti matchlessd previously. Sophocles style of plot structure was usually to begin in media res. This is particularly true of Oedipus Tyrannus. When the reader or audience is first introduced to the main character, Oedipus is already a grown man and king of his country. In the first few lines, talk of a fiery plague ravaging the city is mentioned (Sopochles 3). In the very early stages of the play the reader begins to feel pathos for Oedipus and recognizes his suffering. The time span is also another important factor to consider when analyzing the plot structure. The play in its entirety takes place within a one to two day period. The flashback scenes into Oedipus childhood give the audience a better sense of the big picture, but can be misleading when focusing on the time aspect element. The roles of the characters are particularly useful when comparing and contrasting Oedipus to Darker Face. Oedipus can be argued to be a sympathetic ruler of his people, my heart must(prenominal) bear the strain of sorrow for all... (4). He shows a strong desire to rid the land of its despair. Yet as the reader captures a more in-depth glimpse into Oedipus soul, we find him to be a jealous, stubborn, blind, guilty, and sinful man. Oedipus character outwardly seems to want no thing more than to find the guilty persons involved in the shoot of Laius, yet when given obvious clues he turns a blind eye, not wanting to know the truth behind the prophecy.

Gothic Horror in Susan Hills The Woman in Black and H.G. Wells The Re

Gothic Horror in Susan Hills The Woman in Black and H.G. Wells The Red Room As with all things, the gothic execration musical genre of publications did notbegin at one definable point, but evolved gradually. Gothic repulsive forceevolved out of gothic fiction (as opposed to classical fiction, forexample the novels of Jane Austen), earlier establishing itself as agenre in its own right. However, many literary scholars and criticswould point to The Castle of Otranto, written by Horace Walpole andfirst published in 1764, as the first true gothic horror novel,containing as it does many of the clichs prevalent throughout thegenre.Gothic horror novels are typified by their dark, lachrymose atmosphereof timidity and fear. In fact, the key to gothic horror can be summed upin one word tension. This is created by many devices, as well ashaving an evil force present working against the hero/heroine. Thecharacters, locations and atmospheres created are designed to bethreatening, even when nothing sinister is actually happening.Although the gothic horror genre didnt die out altogether, itcertainly lost popularity. However, it has had a minor resurgence overthe last decade. Susan Hill is one of the authors who has turned herhand to the gothic horror format, her short novel The Woman In Blackbeing released in the late eighties. Susan Hill says she wrote TheWoman In Black because she had the urge to write a story in the oldfashioned sense, perhaps because of a dissatisfaction with modernhorror writing and its reliance upon gore and physical danger. HGWells, although primarily a science-fiction author, also wrote agothic horror story, The Red Room. I will be comparing these twostories, to see how these ... ...t be too light dismissed. These twostories are particularly interesting because they were both written byauthors who arent normally associated with the genre, so they haveexplored the clichs more than a seasoned horror writer might. Butdespite being so blatantly in fluenced by genre standards such asHenry James The Turn Of The Screw and work of M.R. James, they tolerategripping. This is because they appeal to our wish for escapism and adecent scare, a need that is pandered to by almost every work offiction. This is the basis of horror writing - that the proofreader wantsto be scared if the reader approaches the story with the attitude ofnot wanting or expecting to be scared, he or she will not be changeby the story so much. However, gothic horror is still one of the mosteffective mediums for provoking fear, ensuring its enduringpopularity.

Essay --

PET/ PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate1.Thermoplastic polymer in polyester family, with C10H8O4 as empirical formula for its monomer.2.It exists in two forms fiber (synthetic) and resin.3.PET is converted into fiber form by permanent press fabric and bottles by b crushed molding.4.Recycling Code 15.PET is not biodegradable and its incineration produces harmful gases which have high potency to air pollution. Thats why recycling it for further use.Properties 1 Density1.38 g/cc (20 )Youngs Modulus2800-3100 MPaTensile Strength55-75 MPaElastic Limit50-100%Glass Transition Temperature67-81Table 1 Properties of Poly-Ethylene Terephthalate.6.Strength and stiffness of PET exists because of the presence of large aromatic sound in the long chains which results in high resistant to deformation too 2.7.PET (waste) used as construction materials Based on visible(prenominal) research in the literature, waste PET (mainly bottles) is recycled in four major waysI.Waste PET bottles depolymerized into unsaturated polyester resin to produce polymer mortar and polymer cover 3.AdvantagesHigher compressive and flexural specialness than normal Portland cement.Modified concrete achieves 80% of its ultimate strength within 1 day.DisadvantagesProperties of change cement sensitive to temperature.Cost for producing this modified concrete is high.II.PET Fiber to reinforce concrete 4.AdvantageEnhances the ductility of quasi-brittle concrete.Reduce the cracking by plastic shrinkage.DisadvantageWater Repellent and low surface energy of plastic which result in weak mechanical bonding b/w fiber and concrete.Poor mechanical bond strength causes internal micro-cracks in the interfacial mechanical... ...s Composites, 21(17) 15971607, 2002.16.A. B. Inceoglu and U. Yilmazer. Synthesis and mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester based nanocomposites. Polym. Eng. Sci., 43(3) 661669, March 2003.17.M. S. Devi, V. Murugesan, K. Rengaraj, and P. Anand. Utilization of flyash as filler for unsatur ated polyester resin. J. Appl. Polymer Sciences, 69(7) 13851391, August 1998.18.A. B. Cherian and E. T. Thachil. Blends of unsaturated polyester resin with functional elastomers. J. Elastomer Plastics, 35(4)367380, October 2003.19.Y. Xu, M. L. Li, Y. Guo, and F. J. Lu. Structure and properties of modified unsaturated polyester resin by nano-TiO2. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 19(6) 578580, November 2003.20.E. Kicko-Walczak. New ecological polyester resins with reduced flammability and smoke evolution capacity. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 74(2)379382, October 1999.

Implementing Uniforms In School is The Right Thing To Do Essay

The argument whether uniforms should be allowed in school has been debated over the last few decades. Implementing a uniform policy within schools would help reduce the outset of violent crimes. In todays high schools, too many innocent youths become fatalities due to gang warf atomic number 18 that has spread into the school system. Many p atomic number 18nts feel that if a uniform policy was tooled the spread of gang warfare and the idea children have to have name brand clothing would decrease drastically. However others are worried that this policy would infringe on students First Amendment rights. Yet there are other parents that all worried that the uniforms will cost too much. In the following essay these issues will be addressed.Proponents of uniforms argue that the widespread personnel in schools is due largely to the gangs. They believe that the distinctive gang colors and symbols are used to intimidate non-gang members and reinforce gang allegiance. Gang members are frequently found wearing clothing with professional sports teams logos on them. The clothing is often stolen from local stores or from other children. Children who where this kind of clothing to so however because they like it or it is in style. Jim Steinberg of the San Francisco Examiner believes that, They have become a contrive statement and sometimes a gang statement. (1) This is why so many parents want the schools to go to a mandatory uniform policy. Many parents believe that if children wore uniforms, the violence in schools would drop drastically. Long Beach unified school district was the first large urban school district in the United States to implement a mandatory uniform policy. In 1994, the Long Beach unified school district in California became the nations fi... ... down from one child to another. By doing this they would come out ahead in the long run.The controversy whether to implement the uniform policy has gone on for quite a few geezerhood now. Both sides of the argument give compelling reasons why or why not the policy should be implemented. But with the rise in the violent crimes in the school system, I feel that its his time to protect our children and implement it. If we do not do it now, Americas children will grow up knowing only violence. They will not know what its like to live a life without fear. So if you have a chance to implement the uniform policy do it.BibliographyWorks CitedDressed For Survival. The Economist 3 Sept. 1994 A32Dyson, Sen. Roy. Do You Favor Mandatory Uniforms In The Public Schools?12 July 1996. Online Posting. Southern Maryland Online. 04 Mar. 1999

The Worlds Fight Against Microbes Essay -- Research Papers Science Bi

The Worlds Fight Against MicrobesMany infectious diseases that were nearly eradicated from theindustrialized world, and newly emerging diseases be now breaking come out all overthe world due to the misuse of medicines, such as antibiotics and antivirals,the destruction of our environment, and shortsighted political action and/orinaction.Viral hemorrhagic fevers are a group of diseases hitd by viruses fromfour distinct families of viruses filoviruses, arenaviruses, flaviviruses, andbunyaviruses. The usual hosts for most of these viruses are rodents orarthropods, and in some viruses, such as the Ebola virus, the natural host isnot known. All forms of viral hemorrhagic fever begin with fever and muscleaches, and depending on the particular virus, the disease can progress until thepatient becomes baneful ill with respiratory problems, severe bleeding, kidneyproblems, and shock. The severity of these diseases can range from a mildillness to death (CDC I).The Ebola virus is a member o f a family of ribonucleic acid (ribonucleic acid)viruses known as filoviruses. When these viruses are magnified several thousandtimes by an electron microscope they have the appearance of capacious filaments orthreads. Filoviruses can cause hemorrhagic fever in humans and animals, andbecause of this they are extremely hazardous. Laboratory studies of theseviruses must be carried out in special maximum containment facilities, such asthe Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia and the United StatesArmy Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), at FortDetrick in Frederick, Maryland (CDC I,II).The Ebola hemorrhagic fever in humans is a severe, systemic illnesscaused by infection with Ebola virus. There are four subtypes of Ebola virus(Ebola-Zaire, Ebola-Sudan, Ebola-Ivory Coast, and Ebola-Reston), which are not bonny variations of a single virus, but four distinct viruses. Three of thesesubtypes are known to cause disease in humans, and they are the Za ire, Sudan,and Ivory Coast subtypes. place of all the different viral hemorrhagic feversknown to occur in humans , those caused by filoviruses have been associated withthe mellowedest case-fatality rates. These rates can be as high as 90 percent forepidemics of hemorrhagic fever caused by Ebola-Zaire virus. No vaccine exists toprotect from... ... Yet a bacterium can kill a whale ... Such is the adaptability andversatility of microorganisms as compared with humans and other so calledhigher organisms, that they will doubtless continue to colonise and alter theface of the Earth long after we and the rest of our cohabitants have left thestage forever. Microbes, not macrobes, rule the world.- Bernard Dixon,1994Works CitedCDC(I).Ebola Virus Hemorrhagic Fever General Information.http//www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/virlfv/ebolainf.htm1996, November 20.CDC(II). Filoviruses in Nonhuman order Primates Overview of the Investigation inTexas. http//www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/virlfvr/ebola528.ht m1996,November 20.Garrett, Laurie. The Coming Plague. Farrar, Straus. and Giroux New York, 1994.Mosbys Medical, Mursing, and Allied Health Dictionary 4th Ed. .Mosby-Year Book, Inc. St.Louis,1994.Preston, Richard. The Hot Zone. Random House Inc. New York, 1994.Roizman, Bernard. Infectious Diseases in an Age of Change. National AcademyPress Washington,D.C., 1995.Top, Franklin H. . Communicable and Infectious Diseases. C.V. Mosby CompanySt.Louis, 1964.

The Worlds Fight Against Microbes Essay -- Research Papers Science Bi

The Worlds Fight Against MicrobesMany infectious affections that were nearly eradicated from theindustrialized world, and pertly emerging diseases ar now breaking aside all overthe world due to the misuse of medicines, such as antibiotics and antivirals,the destruction of our environment, and shortsighted political action and/orinaction.Viral hemorrhagic fevers are a group of diseases caused by viruses fromfour distinct families of viruses filoviruses, arenaviruses, flaviviruses, andbunyaviruses. The usual hosts for most of these viruses are rodents orarthropods, and in some viruses, such as the Ebola virus, the natural host isnot known. All forms of viral hemorrhagic fever begin with fever and muscleaches, and depending on the particular virus, the disease can progress until thepatient becomes oddmently ill with respiratory problems, severe bleeding, kidneyproblems, and shock. The severity of these diseases can range from a mildillness to death (CDC I).The Ebola virus is a mem ber of a family of RNA (ribonucleic acid)viruses known as filoviruses. When these viruses are magnified several thousandtimes by an electron microscope they confound a bun in the oven the appearance of long filaments orthreads. Filoviruses can cause hemorrhagic fever in humans and animals, andbecause of this they are extremely hazardous. Laboratory studies of theseviruses must be carried out in special maximum containment facilities, such asthe Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia and the United StatesArmy Medical Research Institute of infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), at FortDetrick in Frederick, Maryland (CDC I,II).The Ebola hemorrhagic fever in humans is a severe, systemic illnesscaused by infection with Ebola virus. There are four subtypes of Ebola virus(Ebola-Zaire, Ebola-Sudan, Ebola-Ivory Coast, and Ebola-Reston), which are notjust variations of a single virus, but four distinct viruses. Three of thesesubtypes are known to cause disease in humans, and they a re the Zaire, Sudan,and Ivory Coast subtypes. Out of all the different viral hemorrhagic feversknown to occur in humans , those caused by filoviruses have been associated withthe highest case-fatality rates. These rates can be as high as 90 percent forepidemics of hemorrhagic fever caused by Ebola-Zaire virus. No vaccine exists toprotect from... ... still a bacterium can kill a whale ... Such is the adaptability andversatility of microorganisms as compared with humans and other so calledhigher organisms, that they will doubtless breed to colonise and alter theface of the Earth long after we and the rest of our cohabitants have left thestage forever. Microbes, not macrobes, rule the world.- Bernard Dixon,1994Works CitedCDC(I).Ebola Virus haemorrhagic Fever General Information.http//www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/virlfv/ebolainf.htm1996, November 20.CDC(II). Filoviruses in Nonhuman Primates Overview of the Investigation inTexas. http//www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/virlfvr/ebola528.htm1 996,November 20.Garrett, Laurie. The Coming Plague. Farrar, Straus. and Giroux New York, 1994.Mosbys Medical, Mursing, and Allied Health Dictionary 4th Ed. .Mosby-Year Book, Inc. St.Louis,1994.Preston, Richard. The raging Zone. Random House Inc. New York, 1994.Roizman, Bernard. Infectious Diseases in an Age of Change. National AcademyPress Washington,D.C., 1995.Top, Franklin H. . Communicable and Infectious Diseases. C.V. Mosby CompanySt.Louis, 1964.

Maslows Theory

Maslows Motivational Theory By Tammy McNiel Everest University Abstract In this paper I will describe how to elucidate problems within a social club using Maslows theory. I will also describe in this paper how using Maslows theory differs from Herzbergs and McGregors theory. ? How would you solve this problem using Maslows motivational theory? I would solve this problem using Maslows motivational theory by implementing team work so that the workers chance they are part of a team and not by their selves.I would do this by planning team events. I would put the workers in teams and maybe does some competition work so they attain goals to reach and then award prizes. I would also plan caller-out picnics and outings so everybody can get acquainted and feel uniform it is more of a team and family oriented work environment. Instead of just one person, the carriage making all the decisions, I would ask the employees their infix on how they might think things could be better and impro ve their work place.I think this would make them feel like they are part of the company instead of just a place where they had to be to get paid but a place they like to be and enjoy, and I think this would improve their work at the company. I think with the employees getting to know each other by doing team activities and company oriented picnics for the employees and their families and making them feel like they belong will improve the workforce at their company. How would that differ from using Herzbergs and McGregors theory?I think this would differ from Herzbergs and McGregors theory because to me their theories seem to be about the manager making all the decisions and not giving the employees any input in on anything to do with the company. It is all one controlled environment and it is done by the higher up, meaning the managers. I think with Maslows theory the employees have more of a say so and feel like they are part of the company and in return the work output will be a l ot better. References Understanding Business Tenth Addition Nickels, McHugh and McHugh

Formalism and Realism in the Movie Hero

Movie Hero Director Zhang Yimou Cast Jet Li, Tony Leung Chiu Wai and Maggie Cheung Year of production 2002 Country of production chinaware Language Mandarin Film synopsis The Qin King was obsessed with conquering all of China and becoming the first Emperor. He had been the target of assassins throughout the new(prenominal) states. Among them none inspired as much fear as the three legendary assassins, Broken vane, truehearted bump and Sky. To anyone who defeated the three assassins, the King of Qin promised enormous power, mountains of gold and a private audience with the King himself.Following this Nameless came to the palace bearing the legendary weapons of the slain assassins, sitting in the palace, and told his extraordinary tale. journal question How does the annotate cinematography of Hero (Zhang Yimou, 2002) contribute to phase anglealism? In art theory, formalism is the concept that a works artistic set is entirely determined by its formthe way it is made, its purely visual aspects, and its medium. Formalism emphasizes compositional elements such as color, line, shape and texture rather than realism, context, and content. . In Hero, Zhang Yimou combines cinematography with mise en scene to bring his own vision of the legend, particularly with the use of certain colors. There are a total of five colours in this movie which choosed to express different versions or point of views black, white, red, blue, and green. Zhang Yimou uses the four colours, Red, Green, downcast and White, to tie in four different segments of the story. On the other hand, to each one of them also contains a different story The King of Qins palace is black, enlivened only by splashes of red.This forms the beginning and the end of the story and the overall notion of this sequence extends into the first fight between Nameless and Sky. The chosen colour metaphorically represents the battle between good and evil. Red dominates the first version of the story by Nameless in which he describes the calligraphy school, the attack by the Qin army, the stabbing of Broken Sword and the subsequent fight between Flying Snow and Moon. The color of red brings emotion, such as love, anger, passion nd romance. It portrays the tension between lovers and their passion for revenge to the King Qin. The costumes of the characters are in red, as come up as the props. The red is a Kodak red as said by the films cinematographer. Its a much more saturated solid red. grungy becomes the colour for the second version of the story by the King himself. During the part of the story telled by the King, it evolved some fighting sequence in a lake.Since the colour of water is blue, so this section of story surrounded by blue colour with costumes and props and also location as well as the lake. Blue also represents peace, calmness and detachment. The colour suits the King as he shows peace in discovering Nameless true plan, which is to kill the King. The story version of the king surrounded with blue colour as well. Green is the colour for the story that Nameless doesnt necessarily know since it covers the first meeting of Broken Sword and Flying Snow and also the failed assassination attempt.Since green colour known for memories and knowledge, it used to portray the flash gage scene which evolve broken sword and flying snow. Broken Sword believes that the King of Qin has the power to unite these kingdoms for the greater good of the future. White is the final colour, dominating the deaths of Flying Snow and Broken Sword and alternating with the black sequences back in the palace. this scene is achieved through mise en scene, cinematography and post-production. The characters wear white and the props are in white colour.The lighting is over exposed to cotton up the white colour . The scene reflects truth of the characters intentions. Reading synopsis The Language of Film Mise en scene, cinematography, editing and sound can be combined to form a language tha t is used to tell stories and express meanings. Reference Abrams, Bell and Udris (2001) The Language of Film, Studying Film, London Arnold, 92-116. Emily Gems Joyful Crystals Gemstones Retrieved 15th August, 2011, from http//crystal-cure. com/black. html

Attention Seeking Behavior

ATTENTION-SEEKING BEHAVIOR I. PERSONAL DATA NAME NICKNAME Hans SEXmale AGE9 y/o ADDRESS FATHER MOTHER SCHOOL II. CHILD BEHAVIOR Many pargonnts and teachers after experienced that inward sigh when the clawren or the students seem to want more than than attention beyond of the normal level. Attention seeking carriage may appear as a child being goofy to give rise others laugh or constantly requesting roughlyone to play with them. It can also be in the form ofself injuryor aggressive fashion in children. Even though the attention may be considered negative (ie. colding from c aregiver), it can still be very reinforcing for a child wanting to trip up attention no matter what that requires. The child (Hans) catches the attention of his parents or peers to gain attention. He bequeath do something annoying that will catches the attention of those people surrounds him interchangeable licking his nose, banging his head on the w entirely, aggravating others around him by pulling the ir hats off at home clip, poking them or leaning on them during quiet ms. He enjoys showing adults and peers his sore knees or spots or bleeding nose to gain sympathy from them.Similar essay Identify hatful When Children or Young People May Need Urgent Medical AttentionThis child constantly does things to get your attention and it can construct quite annoying. They will blurt out and tell you what they did etc. Their desire for attention is almost insatiable. Much of what they do is done to get attention. It doesnt seem to matter that you provide divide of attention as they continually seek more. III. SYMPTOMS OF BEHAVIOR ? Aggravating others (children, friends, classmates, schoolmates even family members) ? Blurts out answers before questions return been completed ? Difficulty awaiting turn Interrupts or intrudes on others ( just nowts into conversations or games) ? Doing something annoying that will catches the attention of people surrounds him/her. ? Hyper activeness ? Atte ntion seeking behavior ? Lacks empathy ? Illusions ? Disregard for others IV. ASSESSMENTS Schedule exceptional time together One instruction to ensure your child is getting the attention he or she desires is to make sure to schedule a specific time that you spendone on one with your child for at least 15-30 minutes a day, but preferably doggeder.Some days may be longer and others only 15 minutes, but whats important is that your he/she knows this is your special time together. Let your child (him/her) know this is his or her special time and allow your child to choose what activityyou will do or what you will talk well-nigh. Avoid any negative conversationor You should do this or that types of conversation. Remind him of your special time togetherwhen he engages in his typical seeking types of behavior.Then, claim that you privation to finish what you are doing, but you promise to be able to do what they are asking during your special designated time. everlastingly follow thro ugh on this or your child will learn that you are not good on your word. accession your child every 10-15 minutes If he is really demanding, try your best toapproach your child every 10-15 minutesalong withschedulinga special time during the day. Give frequent words of encouragement and physical affection(Ex. Wow, that is an wesome picture you are drawing with a pat on the concealment). If you have something you need to get done, help him/her to start an activity by also engaging in the activity for at least 5-10 minutes. Once he/she begins to play well, state you will be back in a few minutes. Come back in 5 minutes and give the words of encouragement with some physical affection. Then leave again for 5-10 minutes depending on what he/she will tolerate before attempting to engage in attention seeking behavior.Continue doing this back and forth gradually increasing the time between visits while doing as much as you can to get things done. It may help to have him/her earnest you, such as at the kitchen table doing an activity while you are trying to make dinner. Involve your child in what you are doing In summing up to the above techniques, if your child just seems to be seeking you all the time and requires your attention so much that you are unable to get things done deep down the 10 minutes, involve him/her inthe jobyou are working on.If this involves dinner, allow them to help in any way possible. For laundry, let them load the washer, switch the loads, pour in soap, etc. Usually, he/she will either be excited to be involved or start seeking other activities that can be done alone without needing your attention as an alternative to helping with the chore. Of course, there are exceptions to this rule depending on your specific situation and if he or she engages inattention seeking behavior and has a pervasive developmental dis enact (PDD NOS)What is most important is that you provide so much attention on a regular basis that he or she will not need to engage in attention seeking behavior as a regularity to get your attention. V. RISK FACTORS AND MAINTANING VARIABLES A factor analysis of some attention- seeking behaviors of young children Though knowledge of the process underlying young childrens behavior their general social interaction with both adults and peers, very little is known either about the dimensionality of their attention-seeking or about its antecedents. In the study herein account an attempt is made to gain some everage on the dimensionality of the behavior classes employed for attention by young children through a factor analysis of the correlations among cabaret items of behavior judged to be consonant with the characteristics generally attributed to attention-seeking and age. Behavior for the reinforcer provided by the attention of people (attention-seeking) has usually been defined as falling under the more broadly defined concept emotional dependence along with such behaviors as those employed for approval , praise, physical contact and caresses, reassurance and nearness.While the clinical literature is replete with solecism histories, mostly based on informal observation in children and adults with adjustment problems, which are described and interpreted in terms of such behavior concepts, the look into literature reveals that few systematic attempts have been to study the dimensionality of either emotional dependence or attention-seeking or to determine their antecedents.Typically, relationships involving emotional dependence and attention-seeking in children have been found as by-products of general studies which addressed themselves to the consequences in childrens behavior of broadly defined family attitudes or conditions of socialization, such as overprotection, deprivation, or rejection. In order to further a systematic experimental investigation of the behaviors employed for attention and the antecedents of those behaviors, an experiment was conducted on young children, whic h employed situation easel paint as long as he wished in the presence of an adult.VI. DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS VII. TREATMENT Here are some ways to prevent childs attention-seeking behavior ? throw outself-esteem and confidence every chance you can. Catch your child doing something great and praise him/her. ? Provide opportunities for the child to become responsible. When they take responsibility well, let him/her know. ? Always be objective and understanding do not lose your patience even though you are tempted to. ? Use your best judgment at all times, remain objective and seek to understand. Patience, patience, patience Even though you may be very frustrated. Communicate your expectations with a minimal number of rules and routines to be followed. weigh big, start small. ? Involve the child when you are establishingrules and routines. Ask for his/her assistance. Make sure they repeat them this will help them remember. ? Emphasize the childs strengthsand minimize the weaknesses. ? Set your child up to be successful when the opportunity presents itself. ? Provide opportunities for the child to reiterate expectations.For example What always needs to be done before bed? ? Encourage the child to participate and monitor their own behavior. For example What is terrific about what youre doing right now? ? AVOIDpower struggles nobody wins ? Take time to discuss subdue and inappropriate behaviors. This should be done when achilling out periodhas occurred. ? Routines children with behavior difficulties benefit from clearly established routines/structure, I cant say enough about this. Role-play some situations based on unacceptable behaviors and discuss them. ? Set up practice situations and role play those. For example Tommy just came and stepped on your toe, you even belief he did it intentionally. How will you handle this situation? ? Teach the skills necessary for appropriate behaviors. Following the war whooping baby model for filling the need as short as i t arises, all Attention Seeking Behavior Disorders can be entirely avoided as well as cured by giving centre attention immediately and as soon as the request has been received.This does not mean one has to put ones entire life on hold or run rings around the animate being it is literally a simple little flash of attention at the right time and when first asked for it the classic a stitch in time saves nine principle. Rather than rewarding attention seeking behavior, it never gets to escalate, the creatures zip system remains balanced and the disturbed behavior never need take place at all.As the babies who are fed when they are hungry cry markedly less or not at all, creatures who receive attention energy (or love or recognition energy) when they ask for it, their attention seeking behaviors become markedly less frequent, markedly less dramatic and may cease altogether once the system has been in operation for a while and the creature has understood that not only can it get what it needs just the for the asking, but also its energy system has become more robust, more healthy, more resilient and wont collapse when there is a time when attention is in short supply.Let us now look at how to do this theory in practice when treating severely disturbed forms of animal behaviour, and including trance and repetitive behaviour problems. VIII. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. How will the parents do to avoid tress from their children that is/are having an attention- seeking problem? 2. What are the causes of attention-seeking behavior in children? 3. How to assess attention-seeking child/children?

Alcoholism And Rehabilitation

alcoholism, in addition known as alcoholic beverageic beverageic drink dependence, is unfortunately a widespread ailment which spans people of all long time groups and socioeconomic levels. The health risks of this disease, and alcoholism is a disease, ar as widespread as the individuals who contract it. In addition to these health risks, alcoholism is in like manner an influencing broker in another problem plaguing societies, domestic violence. Thus, alcohol and anger create a sometimes fatal combination. As a result, rehabilitation success evaluate be vital in the ridding alcoholism and its negative make from ships company.alcoholic beverageism is a disease which cigarette be described by degree. Alcohol dependence describes individuals who wipe out developed a maladaptive pattern of alcohol consumption which is characterized by a developing alcohol tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, or hangovers, and the inability to stop alcoholism. It doesnt stop there People with alc ohol dependence whitethorn progress to alcohol abuse which can significantly interfere with their social lives, their work or their interpersonal relationships.In addition, this abuse can also cause a host of related issues including major depression, dysthymia, mania, hypomania, panic disorder, phobias, habitualized anxiety disorder, personality disorders, any medicine use disorder, schizophrenia, and suicide (Cargiulo 2007). According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), drinking up to 14 drinks in a workweek for men or seven drinks per week as a woman could indicate alcohol dependence. In addition, the NIAAA estimates that up to nearly 18 million Americans could be considered alcoholics (Lauer 2006).That amounts to way too umpteen individuals who are addicted to a drug that is both physically and mentally harmful, not to mention the effects on society as a whole. Despite the many mental and physiological problems that are associated with alcohol ism, some of the most frightening are the health problems associated with the mindset. Evidence exists that shows the damage that alcohol consumption does to the headland. Brain imaging studies have revealed that people with alcoholism have significant differences in parts of their brains than those without alcoholism.The brain volume is reduced in alcoholics as well as the blood flow to the brain. The reduced blood flow has been linked to a lowering of inhibitions and memory, impaired cognitive function in general and even damage to the corpus callosum (Cargiulo 2007). Thus, alcoholism can directly translate to serious problems with the mind. These problems can lead to long term brain damage. Lesions in the brain form in those with long term patterns of alcohol abuse. This can translate into Korsakoffs disease which is characterized by motor impairment and thinking impairments which can presume a persons ability to care for him egotism.In the end, the individual may have to be c ared for institutionally. Alcohol affects the neurotransmitters in the brain. As the disease progresses to chronic status, the brain cells begin to adapt to the alcohol that seems to reside permanently in the brain. As a result, the brain becomes reliant on the alcohol to work. If alcohol is removed, the symptoms of withdrawal moot longer and longer to subside. Ultimately, the brain tissue will rebel, in a way, and the withdrawal symptoms can be severe, even fatal. Once the cells in the brain die, they cannot be regene ordinated (Shoemaker 2003).These effects seem to affect males to a greater degree than females. This fact can be explained by differences in drinking patters, choice of alcoholic drinks, rate of alcohol metabolism and the protective effects of hormones such as estrogen (de Bruin, 2005) As such, alcohol dependency and abuse is three times much great(p) in men as it is in women even though evidence suggests that for both genders, the numbers are underreported (Cargiu lo 2007). As if the physical effects on the form were not bad enough, the manners of individuals who are addicted to alcohol are also quite dangerous.The drinkers find themselves to be less inhibited and more(prenominal) willing to pledge in risky behaviors. Many of these behaviors can be characterized as aggressive and violent. In addition to the money that society has to pay for the medical care, it is also truly costly to sort through all the social issues that alcoholism may create. Galvani (2004) gives several possible reasons why this risky and damaging behavior may go across in drinkers. Physiological theories compete that ethanol, the drug in alcohol increase aggression biologically.A theory known as Disinhibition Theory notes the earlier link surrounded by alcohol and cognitive function, specifically the portion of the brain mentioned above that regulates levels if inhibition. The Deviance Disavowal theory argues that the abusers use alcohol as a reason for their be havior and consciously drinks so that they can blame the alcohol for their actions. Social Learning theories explain that people will act in a way ground on their experiences around others. Therefore, parents and societal expectations can lead to alcoholic abuse and abusive behaviors (Galvani, 2004).As with many ailments, more than one option for intercession exists. Many of these options can occur in conjunction with others. For years, behavior modification such as one might find in various 12 Step broadcast or other similar programs have been the way of choice. These programs focus on the addicts significantly changing the way they behave in society including the people with whom they associate. each a professed(prenominal) or a group of individuals led by a former addict facilitate the alcoholics recovery.Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), is an cheek most known for its success rates for alcoholics recovery. It is available to anyone who desires its services. Lately increasing see k evidence has found that a 12-step program affiliation is not scarce useful on its own, but even more effective along with professional, medical treatment, including residence based programs. The truth is, Involvement with AA is consistently and positively associated with improve drinking outcomes, replicated across a large volume of studies using a variety of treatment methods (Cloud, Zeigler and Blondell, 2004).The reason for this success is the three core items of AA identification of self as a member, the number of steps completed, and the quantity of meetings attended (Cloud, Zeigler and Blondell, 2004). It can be a tiring process for an already worn individual. Because so many of these types of programs rely on frequent attendance by the alcoholics. One study sought to find the correlation, if any, between the duration of treatment and the level of intensity of the treatment. Moos and Moos (2003) conducted a study of 276 alcoholics who began formal treatment for alcohol ab use.These diligents were involved with out-patient programs, residential programs, or a combination of the two. The fair length of treatment was 20. 7 weeks, and the average intensity, or number of contacts, was 2. 8 contacts per week. These researchers first note that the individuals who had longer duration of treatment usually had less intense treatment. They found that patients who had a short treatment duration, which is considered 1-8 weeks, were more likely to intermit from alcohol than those who current no help whatsoever.If the treatment lasted for nine weeks or more, then the patient was even more likely to abstain from alcohol. This seems to suggest that the longer the treatment duration, the better the individual may respond to the treatment (Moos and Moos, 2003). However, recently the question has arisen as to whether or not recovering alcoholics mustiness completely abstain from alcohol or not. Most programs, such as AA, or other groups perhaps affiliated with chur ches or in-patient and out-patient residential programs, build capability and motivation for success on complete life changes.These changes includes huge behavior shifts which focus on completely eliminating alcohol. Unfortunately, many people do not anticipate treatment because they dont want to completely give up the occasional beer or social glass or wine. Humphries, Weingardt, and Hoyst (2005) agree and have support programs like Moderation Management which do not force individuals to part with alcoholic beverages forever. Allowing a choice of goal may be one effective way to increase the numbers of people willing to enter alcohol treatment.It is estimated that as few as 10% of individuals with alcohol use disorders attend treatment more flexible goals may appeal to a wider range of these people. There is also evidence that therapy can move people toward choosing a realistic drinking goal for themselves (Humphries, Weingardt, and Hoyst, 2005). On one side of this debate are t hose that argue in favor of abstinence. They say that the disease controls the individual and that this person will in spades lose control of they are exposed to alcohol, even a small amount . (Humphries, Weingardt, and Hoyst, 2005).Never drinking again is the surest way to cure this disease. Alcohol recovery patients are constantly reminded that they are and always will be an alcoholic, just like a diabetic always will be a diabetic. Opponents to the abstinence-only argument argue that people and their problems with alcohol are all different with different times of drinking and different levels of drinking. The researchers use the common phrase different strokes for different sept in describing this philosophy. tour they agree that some problems require abstinence, but they allow that other individuals could moderate their drinking and still improve.They call this a harm-reduction orientation toward alcohol problems which focuses less on the amount of alcohol consumed and more on helping individuals decrease the harms related to alcohol use. Although abstinence may be desirable, it is not the primitive measure of successful outcomes (Humphries, Weingardt, aned Hoyst, 2005). Some of the personal demographics of individuals who are more likely to experience success on non-abstinent programs include younger people, those with social and psychological stability, those who are regularly employed, and those who believe that they can seriously manage a moderate drinking program.However, if the patients are pregnant, experiencing liver problems, or are in the advanced stages of alcoholism, they may be forced to consider only the abstinence route (Humphries, Weingardt, and Hoyst, 2005). Another reason that some people deflect seeking treatment for alcoholism is their faltering to commit to residential or in-patient treatment. Luckily, recent studies have indicated that outpatient treatment is effective in treating alcoholic dependency. Studies of this type have re ported abstinence rates of 34-59% for 6 months post-treatment, 48 % for 19 to 24-month post-treatment and 52% for the 49-month post-treatment mark.In Bottlende and Soykas study of 2005, their rates were slightly higher for the six month mark at 64% abstaining, and 14 % significantly reducing their alcohol in walk out with a 22% rate of serious relapse. Perhaps, if people understood that they could get good results with a outpatient program, they would be more incline to seriously consider treatment. Additionally, alcoholics do not need lengthy terms of treatment. Perhaps a skeleton commitment would do the trick for many with alcohol problems.Brief interventions targeting alcohol consumption have been found to be very effective in changing clients consumption levels (Roche and Freeman, 2004). One study cited by these researchers illustrious that heavy drinkers were likely to reduce the amount of alcohol they consumed six and twelve months after a brief intervention as compared wit h similarly heavy drinkers who received no interventions whatsoever A WHO study conducted in eight countries involving over 1600 participants found that brief interventions reduced daily alcohol consumption on average by 17% and intensity of drinking by 10%.Brief interventions also reduce the number of alcohol-related problems, health-care utilization and associated treatment costs and the number of emergency section admissions. Brief interventions are also highly cost-efficient due to the minimal cost of the intervention and the breadth of scope for prevention of more serious and more costly problems (Roche and Freeman, 2004). However, the same benefits were not noted for women or for low consumers of alcohol who occasionally drank at very hazardous levels, also known as orgy drinkers.Evidence suggests that the majority of alcohol-related harms affect these moderate to low drinkers who binge (Roche and Freeman, 2004). This study just shows that people do react differently to alco hol. One huge area of research in alcohol rehabilitation right now is in the area of gender. The above study mentioned that women do not receive the same level of benefits from brief interventions as men receive. This has led many researchers to fill the research gap between studies that focus on only males or on mixed genders and females. While women have a lower rate of substance abuse, those that are alcoholics suffer just as men do.In fact, women actually suffer more severe effects in some cases than men do. For example, women have more alcohol related health issues, mental disorders, death rates, quicker addictions and greater social isolation and steel (Najavits, Rosier, and Nolan, 2007). This is unfortunate because women have become increasingly more addicted to alcohol at younger and younger years of age. However, studies also indicate that while in treatment, women show more rapid improvement and are more able to control impulsive behaviors that are so problematic for men (Najavits, Rosier, and Nolan, 2007).Of course, one reconstructive method that is often overlooked in the search to rehabilitate alcoholics is the pharmacological method. While drugs are frequently use to aid in helping alcoholics avoid painful and dangerous withdrawal symptoms, others are now being marketed as treatment methods themselves. One such drug is Acamprosate which is a synthetic compound with a similar structure to that of the neurotransmitter GABA and the neuromodulator Taurine (Scott, Figgitt, and Keam, 2005).Once the patient is detoxified, Acomprosate helps the patient maintain abstinence in the place of rehabilitation programs. This way, individuals can maintain his social and professional life. Several studies found this to be true a year after use had begun irrespective of disease severity or the type of psychosocial support (Scott, Figgitt, and Keam, 2005) the patient received. Also, the drug appears to pose few tolerance issues such as nausea, diarrhea or the like. A second prescription medication is available for the treatment of alcoholism.Naltrexone has also produced very positive results in promoting abstinence among recovering alcoholics. This drug has also had several positive research trials and works better in conjunction with behavioural therapy. One way this drugs works is to result in a reduced urge to drink and negative physical side effects if it is taken in conjunction with alcohol (Rohsenow, 2004). Alcoholism is a horrible, addictive disease that leads not only to medical problems such as brain and liver problems, but also to psychological problems, social problems and even violent behavior.The disease affects individuals differently, and new approaches are always being considered to treat each sufferer. While abstinence only and residential programs seem to have prevailed in the past, the new approaches are leaning to more brief, outpatient programs and interventions that support both abstinence and moderation when it comes to alcohol consumption. These new programs also take into account differences that result from race and gender. With hope, this disease will soon be tamed, or even eradicated, with better and better rehabilitation programs.. References Bottlender, M. & Soyka, M. (2005). Efficacy of an Intensive Outpatient reclamation Program in Alcoholism Predictors of Outcome 6 Months after Treatment. European Addiction Research 11 (3) 132-137. Cargiulo, T. (2007). Understanding the health impact of alcohol dependence. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 64 S1-S17 Cloud, RN, Ziegler, CH, & Blondell, RD. What is Alcoholics Anonymous Affiliation? Substance Use & Misuse 39(7), 2004 1117-1136 Galvani, S. (2004). Responsible disinhibition Alcohol, men and violence to women.Addiction Research & Theory 12 (4) 357-371 Humphreys, K, Weingardt, KR, & Horst, D. preponderance and predictors of research participant eligibility criteria in alcohol treatment outcome studies, 1970-98. Addiction 100(9), Sep 2 005 1249-1257 Moos, RH & Moos BS. Long-term influence of duration and intensity of treatment on previously untreated individuals with alcohol use disorders. Addiction 98 (3), March 2003 325-337. Najavits, LM, Rosier, M, & Nolan, AL. (2007). A New Gender-Based Model for Womens Recovery From Substance Abuse Results of a take flight Outcome Study.American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 33(1), 2007 5-11 Roche, AM & Freeman, T. (2004). Brief interventions Good in theory but weak in practice. Drug and Alcohol Review 23(1)11-18. Rohsenow, Damaris J. (2004). What Place Does Naltrexone Have in the Treatment of Alcoholism? CNS Drugs 18(9) 547-560. Scott, LJ, Figgitt, DP, and Keam, SJ. (2005). Acamprosate A Review of its Use in the Maintenance of Abstinence in Patients with Alcohol Dependence. CNS Drugs 19(5) 445- 464 Shoemaker, W. (2003). Alcohols Effects on the Brain. Nutritional Health Review The Consumers Medical Journal 88

Blood pressure Essay

Question One high product line pressure (in addition to a number of medical conditions) may be considered as primary or secondary. Explain these concepts giving three examples of secondary high rakehell pressure and their pathophysiology.Most of the conditions that cause secondary hypertension involve the overproduction of unitary of the consistencys hormones. Some of the medical problems that can cause secondary hypertension includeKidney disease. Secondary hypertension is related to damaged kidneys or to an unnatural narrowing of one or both renal arteries. The renal arteries are the major blood vessels that bring blood to each kidney. When the kidneys blood leave is reduced by a narrowing (called renal arteria stenosis), the kidney produces heights levels of a hormone called renin. High levels of renin trigger the production of other substances in the body that raise blood wring, particularly a molecule called angiotensin II.Adrenal disease. The adrenal glands sit on top of the kidneys and produce several hormones that help govern blood instancy. Sometimes, one or both adrenal glands make and bring out an excess of one of these hormones. Three distinguishable types of adrenal gland conditions cause amply blood twingePheochromocytoma. A tumour of the adrenal gland that produces the hormones epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin). Hyperaldosteronism (also called Conns syndrome). Both adrenal glands can overproduce the salt-retaining hormone aldosterone or it can arise in a benign adrenal tumour. Hyper hydrocortisoneism (also called Cushings syndrome). Both adrenal glands can overproduce the hormone cortisol or it can arise in a benign or malignant tumour.Hyperparathyroidism. A hormone called parathormone is made by four petty glands in the neck called parathyroid glands. If the glands produce in like manner much hormone, calcium levels in the blood amplify. People with hyperparathyroidism are more likely to have high blood pressure. The exact reason for this association is not known.Question TwoRoger was a symptomatic and only came in for a check up. Why is it authoritative for this silent disease to be detected and appropriately treated?As blood flows through arteries it pushes against the inside of the arterial blood vessel walls. The more pressure the blood exerts on the artery walls, the higher the blood pressure will be. The size of small arteries also affects the blood pressure. When the muscular walls of arteries are relaxed, or dilated, the pressure of the blood silky through them is lower than when the artery walls narrow, or constrict. Blood pressure is highest when the punk beats to push blood out into the arteries. When the heart relaxes to fill with blood again, the pressure is at its lowest point. Blood pressure when the heart beats is called systolic pressure. Blood pressure when the heart is at rest is called diastolic pressure. When blood pressure is measured, the systolic pressure is stated first and the diastolic pressure second. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). For example, if a persons systolic pressure is 120 and diastolic pressure is 80, it is written as 120/80 mm Hg. The American Heart Association has long considred blood pressure less than 140 over 90 normal for adults. However, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in Bethesda, Maryland released new clinical guidelines for blood pressure in 2003, lowering the standard normal readings. A normal reading was lowered to less than 120 over less than 80.Hypertension is a major health problem, especially because it has no symptoms. Many people have hypertension without knowing it. In the United States, about 50 million people age sise and older have high blood pressure. Hypertension is more common in men than women and in people over the age of 65 than in younger persons. More than half of all Americans over the age of 65 have hypertension. It also is more common in Af rican-Americans than in white Americans. Hypertension is serious because people with the condition have a higher risk for heart disease and other medical problems than people with normal blood pressure. sincere complications can be avoided by getting regular blood pressure checks and treating hypertension as soon as it is diagnosed.If left untreated, hypertension can winding to the following medical conditions arteriosclerosis, also called atherosclerosis heart attack stroke enlarged heart kidney damage.Arteriosclerosis is hardening of the arteries. The walls of arteries have a layer of sinew and elastic tissue that makes them flexible and able to dilate and constrict as blood flows through them. High blood pressure can make the artery walls thicken and harden. When artery walls thicken, the inside of the blood vessel narrows. Cholesterol and fats are more likely to build up on the walls of damaged arteries, making them withal narrower. Blood clots also can get trapped in narrow ed arteries, blocking the flow of blood.Arteries narrowed by arteriosclerosis may not comport enough blood to organs and other tissues. Reduced or blocked blood flow to the heart can cause a heart attack. If an artery to the brain is blocked, a stroke can result. Hypertension makes the heart work harder to pump blood through the body. The extra workload can make the heart muscle thicken and stretch. When the heart becomes too enlarged it cannot pump enough blood. If the hypertension is not treated, the heart may fail.The kidneys remove the bodys wastes from the blood. If hypertension thickens the arteries to the kidneys, less waste can be filtered from the blood. As the condition worsens, the kidneys fail and wastes build up in the blood. Dialysis or a kidney transplant are need when the kidneys fail. About 25% of people who receive kidney dialysis have kidney failure caused by hypertension.Question ThreeThe renin-angiotensin system plays a central role in blood pressure regulatio n. Explain the renin-angiotensin system with reference to Conns syndrome.The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System is a hormone system that regulates BP and fluid balance.When blood volume is low, the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys secrete Renin directly into circulation. Plasma Renin converts a polypeptide called Angiotensinogen, which is secreted from Liver into Angiotensin I, which in turn is converted to Angiotensin II (or ATII) by the enzyme called ACE (Angiotensin converting enzyme) found in the lungs.It so happens that Angiotensin II is a potent vaso-active peptide that causes blood vessels to constrict, resulting in increased blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the hormone Aldosterone from Adrenal cortex. Aldosterone causes the tubules of the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water into the blood. This increases the volume of fluid in the body, which also increases blood pressure.If the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is too active, blood pressure will be too high.There are many drugs that interrupt different steps in this system to lower blood pressure. These drugs are one of the main ways to reserve HBP, heart failure, renal failure and the harmful effects of Diabetes.Angiotensin II is degraded to angiotensin III by angiotensinases located in red blood cells and the vascular beds of most tissues. Angiotensin III has 40% of the pressor action of ATII, but 100% of the aldosterone-producing activity of ATII.Angiotensin II has autocrine, paracrine and endocrine actions on different systemsCardiovascular effectsAT II is the most powerful vasopressor known, constricting both arteries and veins. Myocyte growth is stimulated through a local tissue RAAS. The aforementioned(prenominal) system can be activated in the smooth muscle cells in conditions of HTN or endothelial damage thus contributing to and accelerating the process of Atherosclerosis.neurological effectsATII increases the thirst sensation by directly stimulating the Subfornical organ of the brain (Dipsogenic action). AT II also decreases the response of Baroreceptor reflex. ATII increases secretions of both ADH and corticotrophin besides stimulating postganglionic sympathetic fibers to secrete Noradrenaline. Adrenal effectsAngiotensin II acts on the Adrenal cortex causing it to release Aldosterone, a hormone that causes the kidneys to retain sodium and lose potassium.

How freely do women and men communicate publicly in Muslim communities Essay

Islam is a organized religion that sensation actually perceives of being strict and pungent maybe because people atomic number 18 non swell affiliated or aw ar of its teachings or because they misinterpret what the religion actually means. Islam on the separate helping hand is matchless religion that is the most adaptable to all the situations that occur in either era. Its teachings can be universally accepted and adopted. Its fair and totally unbiased when it comes to either gender. Its a religion that is very easy to understand and follow and not strict and complex if understood correctly.It does consist of principles that one find really hard to adapt to in todays world provided then those principles if adopted can prove to be of well being of a human himself. (Esposito, 2002). The Islamic culture provides wowork force the most prominent place in the society. Wowork force enjoy equal rights and privileges and argon no way outclassed to men. The rights and responsibi lities are equal but not identical since men and women are both cr eat uped diversely. The Islamic culture does restrict women to stay reserved but that does not mean at all that it restricts women to communicate with men at all e circumscribedly when its necessary.Public communication is not at all command for a men and women in Islam, it just disregards men and a women meeting exclusively. It just believes in women to ensure their dignity and keep themselves protected and secured against disgraceful conditions and luck because in Islam a women is considered highly sacred and dignified and this doesnt weaken a women or makes her inferior rather it gives her a special position in the society and makes her more strong and respectable and also safeguards her integrity and honor.Social priorities Socially a woman is not considered the bread earner for the family and therefore is not responsible for earning to meet the finances of the family. She is responsible to take care of the h ouse and therefore is more preferred to stay in the house and opinion later the family rather than going out and exposing herself but if a woman herself wants to contribute in the earnings of the family then it is not at all disregarded by the Muslim culture as long as her honor and dignity stays protected.If we take the example of Hazrat Khadija, the first wife of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) we can take care that she was the most prominent trader in Arab that time, she worked with prophet and therefore there is no specific evidence that says that she has no communication or negotiation with men universely. Similarly Hazrat Ayesha also is another example of a working lady who used to interact with men for conveying and transmitting the prophets message. (Esposito, 2008) . In many other strict Muslim states like Saudi Arabia, Iran etc, Muslim women are not all preferred and liked to work and to earn.Neither are they allowed to even communicate with men who they are not related to ev erydayly and if found doing so are punished for their act. Segregation is done everywhere is weddings, public seminars etc. Even schools are segregated and girls and boys are not allowed to study together. This clearly states that Muslim men and women are not free to communicate publicly and therefore enjoys no interaction surrounded by the two genders. Situation in which communication occurs Communication only occurs in cases like if the men and the women knows each other or have a direct relation with each other.If we take a look on what the religion has to say then communication between a men and a women is not wrong publicly, as in communication and interaction is only prohibited when a men and a women are all alone together. Seclusion is prohibited but in the case of the presence of any third person, it is permissible as long as u communicate modestly and with a pure heart, still in many Muslim countries communication even publicly is not allowed at all. They think its indece nt in immodest for a men and women to interact.Communication before marriages is even not considered that good but still in many Muslim states and cultures communication does take place between men and women before marriages in the presence of elders or other people of the family. Schools and universities are even segregated mostly in Muslim states, therefore there is no communication among girls and boys as school is the main source of communication among youth. What does Islam say about men and women interaction? The Quran (holy book of the Muslims) defines important and necessary elements of all the existing relationships between all the people.It includes respect, tolerance, kindness, self-restraint, honesty, patience, compassion and forgiveness. Such aspects apply between all the relationships let it be parents and children, neighbors, spouses, friends or work partners, regardless of any gender. Even Islam elaborates on what kind of relationship it finds acceptable between men and women, meaning that it does not totally opposes any interaction between them as long as it crosses the limits or boundaries set by the religion that includes physical radio link or any immodest action, in so far many scholars still does not allow any sort of communication between the two genders.Social Interactions In some Muslim communities, social get hold of or interaction among men and women, who are not directly related to one another is forbidden and therefore has resulted in segregated recreational places, schools, universities, political science offices and businesses and therefore it totally restricts women from any position of power or control. The oppression or domination of women is mainly due to the restrictions on social communication and interactions reservation the maneuverership in government not provide basic human rights and liberty .If we talk in general terms, then most of the Muslims have usually adopted such requisition and separation haunted by th e fear and thought that allowing social interaction and communication among men and women will result in illegal sexual way and physical hand. However as mentioned earlier there is fairly very less or no evidence to prolong that Islam discourages or totally prohibits social contact or interaction between men and women who are unrelated.These are just the man made values and rules or basically we can say the cultural values that have been followed since ages and have remain unchanged for protecting people against the wrong deeds or any such wrong or immodest behavior that may result in ruining the dignity or character of a person but still the option of complete emptyance in between the opposite gender is considered very unacceptable and impractical for many sensible people and is not a necessary or important element of Islamic social behavior. (Sardar, 2007)Sex segregation in different Muslim communities- It varies throughout in different Muslim communities. In some communities its strict and harsh as compared to others where it is a bit practical and understandable. Lets take a look in some of the communities and how this issue is dealt there. Afghanistan Due to Talibans leadership in Afghanistan there is a very strict sex segregated system that does not allow women and men to contact in public at all and women even do not enjoy equal opportunities of education or employment.Iran In Iran Ruhollah Khomeini only favors single- sex schools and strictly discourages women teaching in boys school and men teaching in girls school. Also public places like cafes, restaurants, schools, libraries, swimming pools, beaches, shopping malls and sport halls are also legally segregated. It was baffleed and announced that all the business halls, marriage halls, political meetings and even assemblage halls should consist of separate sections. Men and women are even ordered to form separate queues.In cinemas and restaurants specially there is always a section labeled as on ly for females. Women are required to wear a hijab and cover themselves completely. Only the showing of eyes is allowed and a women if found not covered properly given 74 lashes in punishment. Men and women are not even allowed to travel in the same busses or other means of public transports. in that location are few busses that have separate section for women and men are not even allowed to stand beside them. Saudi Arabia In Saudi Arab sex segregation is even seen in hospitals and health care centers.A female patient is not permissible to be treated by a male desexualize unless there is no other female doctor available similarly it is also not permissible for a female doctor to treat a male patient. A woman is not allowed to meet any other guy unveiled except for her spouse. A woman is also forbidden to eat in public as this would expose her face while she is eating as this considered immodest therefore all restaurants in Saudi Arabia has a special section for women to conceal th em from men. Women are not even allowed to drive or even get out of their house without their husband or son.Indonesia Indonesia is a rude with the highest Muslim population. Sex segregation is not so harsh as compared to other Muslim communities. Hijab is considered an important part of the dress among women in Indonesia but if not worn does not punish them. Women are seen working in Indonesia a lot and men and women social contact is allowed to some extent in the country. somatogenic contact is however not permissible but people in Indonesia do practice handshaking and its not considered wrong there. Coughlin, 2006) Guidelines for appropriate behavior resulting in healthy men and women public contact- In some Muslim cultures healthy relationships are not forbidden at all and this is what the religion does not even consider wrong. Therefore appropriate behavior that does not lead to temptation or physical attractiveness should be adopted. In order to maintain healthy relationship s between the two sexes, following steps are taken in some practical cultures Treating one another with respect in all conditionsThis recommendation is even made by the religion itself. Respectful behavior is one portion that allows both the gender to maintain social contact or interact with each other in a modest and a pure manner. Behaving modestly Maintaining healthy relationships also involve behaving modestly with one another. It means to avoid provocative behavior such as physical contact, flirtation or harassment. Avoiding seclusion Seclusion is the situation when men and women are alone in an isolated place.This is not considered right in a Muslim culture as the chance of intimacy is apparent when two people who are attracted to each other are alone in some place. Therefore in order to avoid such temptation it is much better to avoid situations of seclusion so that healthy relationship cant be maintained between both the sexes Dressing modestly Dress is one factor that arou ses interest and attention of the opposite sex therefore when meeting an opposite sex always dress properly and modestly so that it does not lead to any bad thought in other persons mind and does not ruin the healthy relation that exists.Conclusion The freedom to which the men and women communicate publicly in Muslim communities varies from community to community. In some states as stated below no communication exists between the sexes where as in others it is a bit lenient. However if we see in general Islam, the religion that Muslims follows only restricts such interactions among the Muslim men and women that lead to any physical contact or immodest behavior or it opposes men and women meeting alone in an isolated place for no productive purpose.

Bad Sugar Essay

Unnatural Causes In this video Bad Sugar the Pima and Tohono Oodham Indians of southern azimuth have the highest diabetes rate in the world. This affects more then half the adults in this Indian group, but a century ago diabetes wasnt even perceive of. What has happened to the health of the Pima Indians? During the 20th century the river water was used by white settlers and Pimas local Indians went into poverty and became dependent on the U. S. government. This resulted in the Indians eating tepary beans, cholla buds and wild life these everyday ood items changed to white flour, lard, processed cheese and canned foods.Needless to say this had a big impact on the Pima Indians. This exclusive nonsubjective shows crucial evidence on how we pour more money into drugs, fad diets, medical technologies, but is it deeper then that? Evidence shows therere more to rotten habits and unlucky genes. If we can find a solution to poverty we can solve many of the problems that individuals deal w ith on a day-to-day bases. As a future educator I will teach them strategies and help improve their daily make.Teaching hem strategies will help them to become independent with their exercise as well as quality nutrition and realize how truly Important It Is, which should lower the diabetic rate. Goals 1 . Promote healthy lifestyles to hold hazard factors for pre-dlabetes, diabetes, heart disease, and stroke 2. Improve the detection, control and treatment of risk factors and pre-diabetes for the prevention of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke 3. Improve the detection, control and treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular disease to prevent complications and disabilities and reduce the severity and progression of disease

Comparison of Religions: Judaism versus Christianity Essay

There are several differences surrounded by Judaism and Christianity and some of these are the adjacent First of all, when it comes to what is technically referred to as their corresponding religious texts, followers of Judaism utilize Tanakh or the Jewish word of honor era devotees of Christianity make use of the Old Testament, as well as, the New Testament (The Differences between Judaism and Christianity n. p. ).Second, in terms of other written forms which are considered authority, followers of Judaism believe in the Talmud, as well as, halakhah (The Differences between Judaism and Christianity n. p. ). On the other hand, devotees of Christianity pay respect to documents authored by priests, church councils, ecumenical creeds, apostolic decrees, as well as, the canon law (Comparison of Christianity and Judaism n. a. ).Third, followers of Judaism consider Gods nature as one affectionateness, one person (Comparison of Christianity and Judaism n. a. ). Comparing this to what t he devotees of Christianity which sees the nature of God as having only one substance but three persons (Comparison of Christianity and Judaism n. a. ). Fourth, Judaism followers see Jesus as a false prophet while Christian devotees consider him as the only Son of God who saved the whole world (Comparison of Christianity and Judaism n.a. ). rifle but not least, followers of Judaism never believed in the resurrection of Jesus as well as, his second plan of attack while devotees of Christianity believe otherwise (Comparison of Christianity and Judaism n. a. ).Works CitedComparison of Christianity and Judaism. 2008. n. a. 15 April 2008. http//www. religionfacts. com/christianity/charts/christianity_judaism. htm The Differences between Judaism and Christianity. n. d. n. a. 15 April 2008. http//www. convert. org/differ. htm

Plato, Aristotle and Descartes Essay

We bathroom easily forgive a child who is acrophobic of the dark the real tragedy of action is when men atomic number 18 afraid of the light, Plato said. Studying experience is something philosophers set more or less been doing for as long as philosophy has been around. people always see just a part of things around the foundation. They need an open genius to understand more deep and wise into the piece. Its iodin of those perennial topics that philosophy has been refining since before the time of Plato. The discipline is kn induce as epistemology which comes from both Greek words episteme which means intimacy and logos which means a word or reason.Epistemology liter entirelyy means to reason close cognition. Epistemologists study what makes up companionship, what kinds of things burn down we know, what argon the limits to what we send word know, and even if its possible to actually know anything at all. In fact, people always see just a part of things around the w orld. They need an open capitulum to understand more deep and wise into the world. Plato becomes progressively discourage by both the mob and the elite. The mob, represented by the jury at Socrates trial, was infatuated and dangerous it was swayed by sophistical appeals to emotion, non by reason.Plato concluded that most people atomic number 18 forged by training and ability to make the difficult and necessary decision that would result in a just society. The average person lacks wisdom and self-restraint. As Plato saw things, most people make frantic responses establish on desire and sentiment, quite an than on rational consideration stemming from an objective view of what is really upright for the individual society. Socratess death, the revolt of the Thirty, sophistic abuses, and other factors convinced Plato that a corrupt adduce produces corrupt citizens.He thus attempted to develop a theory of noesis that could refute sophistic skepticism and moral relativism. Plato believed that if he could identify and articulate the difference between mere opinion and bona fide intimacy, it would then be possible to identify the structure of an ideal state based on familiarity and truth rather than the mere appearance of truth and personal whim. The allegory of the cave is an example for this from Plato. The prisoners (unable to bowl over their heads) would know nonhing else tho the shadows, and perceive this as their own populace.This is an important development to the story because it shows us that what we perceive as real from birth is completely false based on our imperfect interpretations of universe and Goodness. Plato expresses another of his favorite ideas that education is not a process of putting intimacy into empty minds, but of making people realize that which they already know. This notion that truth is somehow embedded in our minds was in any case powerfully influential for many centuries. In Platos world, reality is not conceived th rough and through the senses, but rather intelligible truths of reality in the forms of ideas and figures, as opposed to the visible world.In The Allegory of the Cave, Plato describes the physical world as a dark place in which humans can only perceive objects through the senses. Plato referred to these objects as phenomena, or weak forms of reality. Thus, the physical world is not a realm where humans can obtain knowledge of true reality. Plato describes the process of acquiring knowledge from darkness to the light. In this journey, humans are able to see the essence of truth, or in other words, they are able to gain an sense of what is actually real.This process, though painful and distressing, pass on at the end offer freedom and enlightenment to those who have acquire knowledge. Happiness is achieved by gaining an understanding of what is actually real. Because the philosopher has knowledge, his task is to descend to the cave to help as many people as possible to gain knowledg e, or in other words, to learn the truth. This doesnt convince me because science involves the pursuit of knowledge of general truths by victimization observation and systematic experimentation. However, Plato did not think a philosopher should use observation or empirical togigation in order to run a risk truth.He believed only abstract thinking could lead to true knowledge. Plato said that the very essence of knowledge is unchanging. What is true is always true and he thought that knowledge is innate I agree about there are some absolute truth but I think we learn knowledge by experience not only by innate knowledge. Along with his teacher Plato, Aristotle is generally regarded as one of the most Influential ancient thinkers in a number of philosophical fields, including political theory. What Plato believed about reality was very different from Aristotles ideology.Aristotle objected to Platos view, arguing that one cannot know the type of interaction which is occurring between the both establishs. If the real or ideal forms are eternal, pure and unchanging then how do they relate to the material objections or Forms on earth with all their physical imperfections? This participation or caricature link between the real and the imaginary (which Plato claimed existed) is erroneous thinking as no one can has launch such a link real or otherwise. And even if a link is established it fails to explain all the Forms in the material world.At some point Plato fails to explain how this greater Form was controlled- how can Form control things? Was there energy in Forms? Aristotle argued that form can be wondrous from content only in thought and never in fact. Aristotle warned that we must take care not to mistake intellectual analysis for ontological status. Aristotle accused Plato of doing just that by imputing actual domain to the Forms. For Aristotle, form exists within the natural order embedded in particular things and cannot exist independently. How does this criticism concomitant Aristotles own metaphysics?Aristotle brings to full maturity a second major expression of the search for the good life attempting to acquire facts without bias and then using that information to make this a better world. Aristotle stands solely as an archetype of the philosophical naturalist. fundamentally Naturalism is the belief that reality consists of natural world. The Naturalists universe is ordered in that everything in it follows consistent and discoverable laws of nature everything can be soundless in terms of those fundamental laws. Nothing exists outside of space and time.Nature always acts with a purpose, and the detect to understand anything lies in determining its essential purpose. Philosophical naturalist deny the existence of a take apart supernatural order of reality. They believe that human beings, although special, are part of the natural order and behave tally to fixed laws and principles. Thus a clear understanding of nature is n ecessary to any clear creation of human behavior. Ethics and political (social) science must be based on the actual facts of life, conservatively observed and collected by a scientific method not on speculative, otherworldly, rationalistic schemes.Aristotle based his philosophical positions on scrutiny of particular, actual things, not on the isolated contemplation of mathematical laws or pure ideas. Aristotle brings to full maturity a second major approach to the study of the good life collecting facts and using factual information to make this a better world. Naturalism is the belief that reality consists of the natural world and that the universe is ordered. Everything follows consistent and discoverable laws of nature and can be described in terms of fundamental laws.Aristotle has a variety of views that range from nature to ethics and has unfor piddletable take on mathematics. He gives me the impression that the laws of nature are the boundaries in which we live and our mean ing of life evolves around this boundary.I believe, there are some sort of absolute truths or knowledge but when we get knowledge we get most of knowledge through our experience. Descartes suggests the viewpoint that the human tree trunk and the human mind are two completely different things with different functions. The viewpoint is called Dualism, and holds that both the physical world and the immaterial world exist. Dualism is based on two substances, which are mind and matter.Descartes explained that these two does not necessarily need one another to exist. Descartes doubts everything he was taught to believe because it is human tendency to believe what is false. In the first, he claims that most of what he believes is from his senses and that those senses are sometimes deceived. He wasnt uncomfortable with the idea that there isnt universal knowledge. He was the first to argue that the mind is a non-material entity which is distinct and separate from the brain. He also identif ied the mind with concepts such as self-awareness and self-consciousness.He emphasized the sharp division between the mind and the body as the most basic fact of our human existence. In Descartes Dualism, the body is considered to be a material substance, and the mind is considered to be an immaterial one. He suggests that although these two things combine to make a human being, but these two parts exist in two separate worlds. The body exists in the physical world, where all the objects that we can see and mite exist. While the mind exists in a different world, an immaterial one, where we are not able to see or feel. Descartes establishes the Conceivability argument to support his viewpoint.I think therefore I am, the well-known quote of Rene Descartes, is the basis of his theory known as dualism. The intermingling of mind and body or blanket(a) substance and thinking substance display Descartes ideas of a genuine human being. Descartes idea of the body being totally independent of the mind is known as the mechanistic view. Descartess interest in the thinking thing itself was the first major step in a shift in speech pattern in modern philosophy from metaphysics to epistemology. He recognized the need for orderly thinking, which he called method.He use methodic doubt in his effort to find one absolute certain and undoubtable idea. Having found an undoubtable truth, Descartes tried to skeleton a reliable foundation for knowledge on the innate idea of God. For Plato and Descartes mathematics becomes the blueprint for all knowledge. Mathematical knowledge remains true regardless of time, place and circumstances. This is unlike inductive knowledge or matters of fact whose truth depends on time, place and circumstances. On this basis Plato and Descartes reject our sense of sight, smell and touch as providing any source of reliable knowledge.Both Descartes and Plato would agree that true knowledge is a priori. Basically this means that knowledge is innate and therefore prior to experience. If we take this innate knowledge we can digit or expand on it to discover what Plato and Descartes could classify as ultimate truths. Knowledge is a sink of many challenges we face in a given day. Once you get past basic survival (though even things as basic as finding enough food and shelter involves challenges related to knowledge), were confronted with knowledge issues on almost every front.Knowledge questions range from larger, more weighty questions like reckoning out who our real friends are, what to do with our career, or how to spend our time, what politician to vote for, how to spend or invest our money, should we be religious or not, to more mundane ones like which gear to buy for our hobby, how to solve a dispute between the kids, where to go for dinner, or which book to read in your free time. We make knowledge decisions all day, every day and some of those decisions deeply impact our lives and the lives of those around us.I think I lear ned much more by these theory, do not say you know all the world, using our intelligent to understanding more about the world, and then do not stop doubting get make ourselves much more better in future. The knowledge is unlimited, so we could learn a hole every day, then using it for our own good and pass it out for our next generation because knowledge is never old or too much, it could use time by time and always work. People could say that some of the knowledge is too old for the present and they have been use times by times, and always work even though it from centuries.I think the world is big, get to know it will help us have a better look about everything. It is amazing that we could use our own sense to organize everything about our life and get experience by it. Doubting is as equivalent as giving us a chance to understanding more about the world we are living in, than we have a courage to know about it much more better. Gaining more knowledge is never too much, getting it from our teacher your friend is some of the simple ways to understanding more about our life in specific and the world in general. Work Cited . Aristotle . Internaet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.IEP , 21 2005. Web. 3 Nov 2012. Gill, N. S.. Plato Greek Philosopher. Ancient / Classical History. About. com. Web. 3 Nov 2012. . Greek Philosopher Plato. AllAboutPhilosophy. org. AllAboutPhilosophy. org. Web. 3 Nov 2012 . Plato. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Richard Kraut. Web. 3 Nov 2012. . Plato. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Richard Kraut , 16 2011. Web. 3 Nov 2012. . Plato. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. IEP, 9 2009. Web. 3 Nov 2012. Shields, Christopher. Aristotle. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Christopher Shields, 25 2008. Web. 3 Nov 2012.

Pillowman Review Essay

The team of San- Jacinto central college performed the summercater The Pillow man originally compose by Martin McDonough on 2003 in the Powell Arena Theatre. The take to the woods was about the tale of Katurian, a fiction generator who was interrogated by the two detectives Ariel and Tupoloski regarding the unpleasant stories of children written by Katurian. The content of Katurians stories was similar to the murder of the contrastive children in the town, so they were suspected of the case. The play was performed on the black-box theatre, which was modified into the upthrust stage. The stage was good sufficiency to support slightly specific part of the play like the background family scene that was provided when Katurian was narrating the story. The audiences sitting on raised stages on the three sides were able to relate the Katurians narration with the background scene. The col moments of this play are superlatively funny, thanks to the interaction between Katurian and his two captors, a Detective named Tupolski (Joe Franco) and a ships officer named Ariel (Richard Turner). Tupolski seems to be the epitome of quiet, industrial effectiveness, whereas Ariel (the winged indentured servant in The Tempest?) is very tightly wound, and more than eager to jump his prisoner and beat him senseless.Though all the characters were good to perform their delegate roles, I personally appreciate the role of Michal, performed by Aaron Alford, a freshman student of San Jacinto College. Just as the script says Michal was little slow to get the things, Alford did exactly the same throughout the play. As well, this character has added some comedy flavors in the play like itching ass etc. He made us laugh most of the time. The sound factor of the play was good. The crying sound from the background was really infixed that attracted the attention of the audiences like me. It made to feel like somebody was really tortured there. There was a special sound effect in the play r elating to the homicide and torture. Mr. Brian Hamlin did the very good job as a director and fight director.The play was directed so well. All the cast and crew do their outperform to execute the play. Most of the casting members were professional and graduate students interested in theatre. The two plays that I watched during this semester The Pillowman and KOYAANISQATSI. The opening scene of The Pillowman and KOYAANISQATSI both were really good. Among these two play I like KOYAANISQATSI better because the Hopi Indian chanter played really well. Also, action was well executed on Star Blood on KOYAANISQATSI quite an than interrogating on The Pillowman. Lighting was well executed on KOYAANISQATSI and sound effects on The Pillowman To sum it up, the play was good enough to entertain. I can make a consensus that the script of the play was well written. The characters were give just the satisfaction to the superior script of the play. It was worth watching.

Od Interventions

Definition of od hinderances An OD interpolation can be defined as the even up of structured activities in which selected organization units engage with a designate or a sequence of tasks where the task goals ar related directly or indirectly to organizational improvement A set of sequenced and plan actions or events intended to financial aid the organisation increase its efficaciousness. In an od intervention the total answer of diagnosis, alternative generation and making action choices be jointly conducted and od will to a fault examine the move of such diagnosis, action planning and implementation.Criteria for Effective Interventions In OD three study criteria define the effectiveness of an intervention 1. The Extent to Which it (the Intervention) fits the needs of the organization. 2. The degree to which it is establish on causal fellowship of intended outcomes 3. The extent to which the OD intervention transfers veer-management competence to organization member s. Characteristics of od intervention First An od intervention will focus on the organizational processes apart from the substantive content of an activity.Secondly an od intervention would gener entirelyy focus on a have team as the unit of analysis and motley towards effective behaviour Thirdly od would normally view change as an on-going process and would affirm on a collaborative management of work culture Types of od interventions These interventions can be clubbed into twelve bases and they are diagnostic, team-building, inter-group activities, critique feedback methods, education and rearing programmes, techno-structural activities, process consultation, the management power system, meditation and negotiation activities, coaching and rede and planning and goal setting activities. ) Survey Feedback It recounts to an admission survey through well plotted appraisal or Interviews. It covers the feedback to the customer organisation. It has a demand and significance in a genuine situation. The attitude survey can have a purpose to measure the process for instance, communication, decision making and leadership at contrastive levels. The data produced under this system is perceptual and attitudinal.. A review of the product is prepared in a group discussion.Generally feedback of results is specific to the group which prepares the data. As a result strategies are planned to clear the organisational problems. Consequently, the process of survey feed back includes collection of data, feedback, development of action plan and follow-up. Therefore, to ensure honest results, the survey should be applic equal and dependable. 2) Management Grid The method urbanized by Robert Blake and Jane S. Mouton is a step to move toward. This Grid represents a rational support of managing people.Growth of management skills from beginning to end grid program involves wide range of included and instrumented activities are the airs having investigational and planned con ditions. The members are secondary to be pleased slightly the advances to integrate people and their invention. 3) Team Building Team building is an attempt to go to the work group to identify, diagnose and solve its own problems. Actually groups develop their own norms of behaviour which advance the persons and group behaviour. Organisation is a system to interconnect with groups.OD considers that work groups are the teams which are spinning virtually to introduce changes in the organization. Team building actions are taken to develop a range of groups in an organization like permanent work teams, task forces, committees and so on Team building actions focus on finding, task achievement, team relationships and organisational process. The component groups in team building activity are the external advisors, the group leader and the members of the group. In team building movement, associates meet and talk about troubles connecting to their coursework It obtain sincere and mettl esome argument.In the team building movements, the associate adds the sequence relating to their personal observation of issues, problems and task relationship. 4) Sensitivity Training It is cognize as training creation carried out by creating an experimental laboratory circumstances where workers will be brought together to do something together in a formless environment. Sensitivity training abets in arrangement people well again, to develop appreciation for others, to develop specific behavioral skills and to gain effective surface into the group development. It also aims at falling interpersonal confrontation.The main aim of sensitivity training is to snap off all the methods through the bond of silence and ease the expression of associates to emphasize on the process of regard to a certain extent than to fulfill the instructions. It is a method which proposes to have brain washing of persons. This training is accepted by formless groups without any agenda, leader and pre determined goals. The group is given independence to pad their plans, contacts and on going process for interaction. Sensitivity training gives a technique to enable special knowledge and development. ) Four System Management Rensis Likerts four-spot System Management has given four stage to represent the organizational values to include the essential collection of job bearing and people way. consort to Likert management philosophy can be classified into four systems they are i) Exploitative- dominating System ii) Benevolent Autocratic System iii) Consultative Democratic System and iv) Participative Democratic System. This theory explains that three basic concepts of system has four management which will help making the organization effective they are ) To use the principle of appurtenant relationship in the organisation b) To use the group decision making and group methods of supervision in the organisation, and c) To emphasize more on the high performance goals. 6) Management by Objectives (MBO) It is a nonher important legal instrument of O. D and involves the process of educating the concerned persons about M. B. O, agreement upon clear cut quantifiable objectives, evaluation of objectives and feedback for deflexion and coercive action. . M. B. O is wide-ranging overall managerial philosophies that focuses upon joint goal setting and synthesize the singles goal to organisational goals.The entire organization will have the feeling of unity as all levels of management of an organization are winding in goal setting. The programmes relating to M. B. O can be effective if they are properly implemented and needs the support of the top management. 7) adjoin Consultation It can be described as the set of activities on the part of the consultant that helps the client to perceive, understand and act upon the process events that take place in the clients environment. Process consultation concentrates on the analysis of process of activities like communicati on, leadership etc.It also aims to attempts to develop initial contacts, define relationships, selecting the method of work, collection of data and diagnosis. Process consultation is a method of intervening in an on going system and is designed to change attitudes, values, interpersonal skills, group norms, and cohesiveness and other process variables. 8) Contingency Approach This approach was given by P. Lawsence and J. Lorseh. It is based on the principle that an organisation is a multifaceted social system. Its behavior must be included into a united effort to enable it to cope with the environment.Theoretically individuals in different departments have different orientations related to the tasks they perform. Genuinely, the organisational units in their regular operations they are differentiated along with their direction. It appears that with the task discrimination coordination is not possible. According to hazard approach separation and combination are possible for total or ganisations effectiveness with the help of integrative devices. To sum up, high organisational manifestation is well-suited with the worldly concern of both separation as well as combination which are required as per the stress of heir immediate environment. The contingency approach can be useful as an OD intervention in industrial organizations in the form of inter group argument meetings of concerned departmental persons. 9) Role Analysis In the presentation of their individual spots persons manifest certain behaviour which may upset team efficiency. At times it is open up that the persons are unambiguous about their own expected behaviour from the view point of other members of the team. In these circumstances the role analysis procedure is utilise to clarify the role expectations and obligations of the members of a team.The ensuing role requirements and the expected behavioral mechanism of each other help the member enjoy an equally acceptable behaviour in the team work. In this technique, the individual role players analyze the focal role of the individuals. 10) Inter-group activeness Meager interpersonal relations are not unusual features in organisational performance . Under these circumstances, inter-group motion spotlights to improve the relationships amidst the groups. It helps in the interaction and communication between the work groups which eventually avoids dysfunctional unfriendly competitiveness among them.Inter-group team building entails the procedure of discrimination and combination. 11) Organisation Mirroring It monitors the activities of group of members and gets the feedback from the members of several other groups about how is it being professed. Organisational mirroring is used when there is complexity with other department in the organisation. A meeting is called and answer is sought from other department. During the meeting the correct picture emerges which will determine many mistakes committed between two groups. 2) Thi rd Party Peace Making Intervention This intervention is the strandation of the thoughts to understand the conflicts and their resolutions at the interpersonal level. It helps to confront the method of resolving the conflicts takes place between two parties who are aware of the existence of the conflicts and want to confront the issues. The advisor as a third party must be gross(a) in the art of identifies the conflicts and use confrontation as technique. This process focuses on four basic elements of conflicts they are i) The conflict issues, (ii) The contributory circumstances, (iii) The conflict related behaviour, and (iv) The results of the conflict. 13) Job Design/Redesign It is task -technology connected approach and aims at making changes in the work procedure of the groups of employees. Job design occupies a well planned reorganization of a job. On the whole it focuses to develop workers motivation, commitment, performance, job satisfaction etc. , through job enrichment, job engineering, job rotation, job enlargement and socio-technical system. 4) Quality Circles Quality Circles are semi-autonomous work groups with six persons who volunteer to talk about and solve feature related problems during working hours. It has impact on working conditions, employees commitment and self-importance development of employees. 15) Counselling Counselling is the method to extend the help by a manager to his assistant to enhance his prospective. It plans at hypothesizing and empathize with the workers. It assists to bring about self consciousness in the worker about his capability. Single or group of interventions may be used to resolve the issues.Od intervention used in BHEL-BLOCK5 PAGE33-34(M) In order to develop & improve the effectiveness of the forgiving resources in the Organisation, a committee called Human Resources Committee was first constituted by BHEL in Bhopal in 1976. The committee is the central body and plays the central role in implementation of a ll OD efforts. With the help of external and internal resource persons, a number of programmes/workshops have been Organised for the development of the members of this committee change their problem solving capabilities and decision making.The range of OD interventions are described below. Job Redesign and act commitment as an OD intervention In one of the BHEL units (Hardwar) Job redesign was taken up and as an OD intervention in 1975. This experiment was pursued for around 4 years and very(prenominal) encouraging results were obtained. i) A more satisfying job, due to increased variety and relief from boredom and sameness ii) Personal growth for all, by learning additional skills of other trends and acquiring leadership Qualities iii) Reduction in health/safety hazards iv) An atmosphere with less tension and jealousy ) An improved team spirit and morale resulting in improved communication and human relationship vi) Increased self esteem and pride among the workers. Workshops were conducted and it was found to be very useful and threw up more questions for wider debate and discussions. By using survey method, a list of programmes or subjects or themes is sent to various. H. O. Ds who respond by ticking the grab ones for their executives. As a result of various diagnostic exercises some critical needs of training and development are identified.The workshops on various themes also give valuable idea of the areas requiring more thrust by way of training and development and specific training and development needs are thus identified. Based on role analysis a draft system with the following objectives has been circulated by the Corporate force play for the comments of Personnel/Training (HRD)/Divisional Heads. . Helping the executives to become more effective in their present and future jobs. . modify the executives to perform at optimum level by determining and meeting their growth needs. . Helping the executives to cipher their roles more clearly. Preven ting the obsolescence of their technical and managerial skills. . Optimising the utilization of training resources by providing appropriate inputs. . Facilitating the design of need based programmes and identify the training and development needs. . Preparing data bank of capabilities required for various positions. . Facilitating job rotation, occupational group and taking over planning. Once implemented, it will provide a valuable data base for planning, training and development activities and identifying appropriate candidates for programmes. Performance Appraisal and Potenfial AppraisalIn BHEL it has remained so far that the role of superior was limited to evaluator or settle and the role of the appraisee was passive. Now the superiors role is being conceived as helper and counseller and the appraisee is encouraged to become more involved and committed in achieving the objectives. Performance feedback and Counselling The need and importance of performance feedback and counselin g has been realized. Attempts are being made to cover maximum number of executives in various programme/workshops on performance feedback and counselor-at-law to enable them to practice it as an important tool for Human Resource Development.The supervisors also will be covered in such efforts. Career Planning and Development Time-cum-merit based promotion was practiced which is able to satisfy the individuals and organizational needs to a great extent. The employees are encouraged and helped to plan a career path. They are liberally sponsored to higher educational programmes in IIMS/IITs. Posted bySatish Raj Pathakat919 PM LabelsOD intervention Od intervention at NTPC